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Three Mile Island accident health effects
The health effects of the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident are widely, but not universally, agreed to be very low level. According to the U.S. National Institute of Health, several studies written prior to 1979 concluded there was no evidence of increased cancer incident. However studies after 1977 based on hospital records show higher incident rates of leukemia, lung cancer and all cancers. Research and analysis from the Department of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, of the University of North Carolina, prove that "cancer incidence, specifically lung cancer and leukemia, increased following the TMI accident in areas estimated to have been in the pathway of radioactive plumes than in other areas." According to official (needs citation) radioactivity release figures, average local radiation exposure was equivalent to a chest X-ray, and maximum local exposure equivalent to less than a year's background radiation. Public concern based on anecdotal reports of negative health effects led to scientific studies being commissioned to investigate. The U.S. BEIR report on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, states that using several models of analysis, incidence of cancer were increased.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation (BEIR V) )〕 Some studies have been unable to conclude that the accident had substantial health effects, and a debate remains about some key data (such as the amount of radioactivity released, and where it went) and gaps in the literature. The controversial discussion continues, as some believe that articles published by the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists are "fringe theory."〔Mangano, Joseph (2004), "Three Mile Island: Health study meltdown", Bulletin of the atomic scientists, 60(5), pp.31-35〕
==Initial investigations==
In the aftermath of the accident, the investigations focused on the amounts of radioactivity released by the accident. The official figures have been disputed by a number of insiders, who have suggested figures hundreds or thousands of times higher (see Three Mile Island accident#Release of radioactive material). According to the American Nuclear Society, using the relatively low official radioactivity emission figures, "The average radiation dose to people living within ten miles of the plant was eight millirem, and no more than 100 millirem to any single individual. Eight millirem is about equal to a chest X-ray, and 100 millirem is about a third of the average background level of radiation received by US residents in a year.". To put this dose into context, while the average background radiation in the US is about 360 millirem per year, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulates all workers' of any US nuclear power plant exposure to radiation to a total of 5000 millirem per year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NRC: Fact Sheet on Biological Effects of Radiation )〕 Based on these low emission figures, early scientific publications on the health effects of the fallout estimated one or two additional cancer deaths in the 10-mile area around TMI.〔 Disease rates in areas further than 10 miles from the plant were never examined.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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